Can managers develop the 'culture' of their organisations Critically Essay

Can managers develop the 'culture' of their organisations Critically discuss - Essay Example It is only logical that organizations and companies have good managers that management can be termed efficient.4 In light with this, organizations or companies could develop their own culture where they have unique management system that is different from other. Such kind of management ensures that the top management does not necessary have to follow the usual protocol of management.5 In fact, some of the best rated companies in terms of management are that have developed their own culture in working and dealing with their employees. Simply, they have better working conditions and the employees are motivated in numerous ways as compared to other organizations or companies. Of importance to note is that, organization culture entails behaviours that are prevailing beliefs, practises and thought. Some of these fundamentals might deter the improvement of an organization if leaders and managers do not embark on a program to support this improvement.6 It is worthwhile that for this to be a chievable, certain strategies must put in place. These strategies entail employment relationship, theory and practise, finding alternative ways to high performance in work places, transformation of personnel roles to fit the current management programme, over and above, the impact of human resource management in an organization.7 Employment Relationship Employment relationship is a legal term that is used globally to denote the relationship between the employee and the employer under certain conditions that incorporate remuneration. Through this employment relationship, rights and obligations are created between employee and employers.8 Apparently, this relationship continues to facilitate a route in which employees are could be able to access their rights and benefits associated with employment in respect to labour laws and social security. In general, employment relationship is the periphery of determining the origin and extent in which employers are mandated to treat their employ ees.9 Of importance to note is that, this relationship has drastically changed with reference to the labour market. Some of the new forms of relationships that are being created have loopholes especially on the increasing number of employees whose employment status is unclear. With numerous labour institutions working on the need for standardization, it is evident that an employment relationship is crucial to both the employees and employers. 10Consequently, an organization or company must be able to handle this kind of relationship with ultimate care to ensure that it carries the best of interest from either side.11 For instance, any organization should ensure that all its employees have clear employment details in respect of the International Labour law and any other law that is applicable.12 Their rights as human beings and workers should be respected at all cost. Through this, organization is certain of embracing it own culture that could be different from firms, organizations a nd companies that do not embrace the employment relationship.13 Empowerment, Theory and Practise Employment theories and practises are crucial plan

Thermodynamics and fluids mechanics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thermodynamics and fluids mechanics - Lab Report Example The corresponding force F, can be found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, is the position of the jockey. Momentum was found by multiplying Mass Flow Rate by the Velocity of the vane. As before, the corresponding force F, was found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, represents the position of the jockey. Similarly, Momentum = Mass Flow Rate multiplied by the Velocity of the vane. As before, the corresponding force F, was found by taking the moment about the pivot of the jockey. The distance y, represent the position of the jockey. Similarly, Momentum = Mass Flow Rate multiplied by the Velocity of the vane The only difference that is evident is only in the use of characters, otherwise, the formulas are just the same. U in the theory equation represents initial velocity just like the v in the experimental equation. While a represents the acceleration force (gravitational force) and s the distance covered (Cengel & Cimbala, 2009). The major difference between the theory and experiment performed is on the values obtained. For example, some values were not consistent as expected and while plotting the graph, the points were expected to be in a straight line, which was not the case. A line of best fit was drawn in order make the line straight. Inaccuracy of the graph and wrong data manipulation were due to some sources. The sources of errors could have been due to incorrect timing. When determining the time interval, it could have been difficult to determine the correct interval. Another source could have been due to the incorrect measurement of volume of water collected. This could have brought wrong Mass Flow Rate hence giving wrong Momentum. For the case of hemispherical vane, the velocity of the water jet leaving the vane was the same as that hitting it. From the data of the first trial, the velocity leaving was found to be

Physical Education Essay Example for Free

Physical Education Essay Sport is an important part of todays society and plays a large role in many peoples lives. Now more than ever, sport events dominate headlines and athletes have become national heroes. The question is, does sport merit this kind of interest and attention? From a social standpoint, sport plays a positive role in uniting people from different social backgrounds in support of their favourite team. This can aid peoples understanding and tolerance of each other. However, just as sport unites people so it can divide them, as is often demonstrated by crowd violence at football matches. As far as education is concerned, sport is an important part of every childs schooling, as it plays a big role in both their physical and mental development. It teaches children how to work as a part of a team and cooperate with others, while at the same time improving physical condition. The only drawback to this is that children who are less able to perform well in sport are likely to feel inadequate in comparison to their more gifted classmates, which may affect their self-confidence. From an economic point of view, sport can be very profitable, as it attracts a lot of sponsorship and advertising. On the one hand this creates revenue for the sporting industry which allows for improvement and expansion. On the other hand large sums of money are often paid to event organisers to promote products such as cigarettes, which are harmful to ones health. In my opinion, sport should be used as much as possible to encourage people to lead a more healthy and peaceful life instead of being used to promote unhealthy products. We live in jet age. Life has become so easier than ever before. With advancing technologies our lives have become comfortable. But in todays world under the spell of technology we are ignoring our health. Even kids rather than going out and playing with friends prefer watching television ,playing computer games,or surf the net. Playing Sports keeps us physically fit and mentally alert. It keeps us healthy which is the most important thing of all!! as it is indeed equal to all the wealth in the world,for you may have money but if you have not got health to enjoy it what is its use ? We have variety of sports to choose from like Basketball, Tennis , Football, Cricket, Swimming etc. Besides sports not only helps us to be physically fit but it also teaches us the values of discipline, loyalty , teamwork, hard-work and honesty which helps us to play the bigger game of life! A true sportsman celebrates victory and accepts defeat with a smile. To him winning is not important but giving his 100% is! But in todays competitive world studies are given more importance. A child doesnt get enough time to play because of constant pressure of studies and his parents to perform better and better. Hence children ,parents and teachers must understand the importance of sports and give the child enough time to play as we all know very well that All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy! All work and no play make jack a dull boy. Nowadays many schools have forgotten this precious saying. The school sports should be made compulsory for every child as apart from studying we need recreation time to relax and take a break. many students decide they want to show case their talents at an early age. With the proper guidance and teaching, there are many benefits of sports like education, moral support and responsibility, sense of discipline, cooperation etc. which a student needs to learn to become a perfect man . There has been a latest trend of video games of which children are getting addicted. This is very bad because such activities make the children lazy inactive as they sit gazing at the computer or television. Physical education and school sport is a crucial Is this essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 470,000 just like it! get better grades part of a well-rounded primary school education. The main goal of physical education for young children is to give them the skills and knowledge necessary to keep their bodies healthy as they age. In order to keep children engaged and motivated, the physical education activities must be fun and highly interactive. However, creating an enriching environment can be challenging for schools and teachers. it is also important to keep the rules of the game in mind to play sincerely. by playing games one also learns to develop his or her behavior towards even unknown people but . there has also been a problem about the availability of grounds so the government must look into this and ensure each school has a ground for its students. Therefore games are utmost necessary in the school curriculum

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist or free market economy which is based on the notion of competition. Varying degrees of competition ultimately lead to different market structures with different outcomes to the market. The main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, each with a different outcome to the market which leads economists to consider some market structures to be more desirable for the society such as perfect competition while others are less desirable such as Monopoly. It is often argued that monopoly restricts competition through entry barriers and therefore should be forbidden. This is supported by a strong case against monopoly as it restricts consumer choice and prevents small innovative businesses from being established. In addition, a monopoly will produce at a lower output and charge higher prices than a competitive market, with the same cost structure. This leads to a loss of economic welfare and efficiency. However, if monopolies are always assumed bad then questions of why firms seek to be monopolies and why governments accept or tolerate monopolistic firms will rise. In theory monopoly is a market with only one seller that dominates and sets price and quantity of the good. The markets demand curve is the firms demand curve and it is assumed that there are no substitutes and thus a firm is a price-maker that is motivated by profit maximisation and is supported by restrictive barriers to entry of the market that subsequently prevents competition. In reality it is hard to find a market in which some form of substitute firm or product does not exist. Therefore, the Competition Commission in the UK defines a market as a monopoly if there is a firm possessing over a 25% market share and facing no significant competition. In order to evaluate monopoly and to determine whether it should be allowed or not, it is vital to understand the characteristics of monopoly and to apply various efficiency concepts such as productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and X-efficiency to both extremes of the market structure, perfect competition and monopoly, to understand their effect on both consumer and producer surplus in the form of households and firms which consequently affect the general economic welfare. 2.0 Characteristics of Monopoly There are various characteristics of monopoly but it is mainly distinguished from other market structures by its barriers to entry. These barriers are a variety of obstacles or boundaries that prevent other firms from breaking into the monopolistic firms market, thus allowing the monopolistic firm to maintain its monopoly and therefore continue to earn supernormal profits. Sloman (2010) suggests that barriers to the entry of new firms are a must for an existing firm to maintain its monopoly position. There are a number of entry barriers that would exist in a market in different forms such as economies of scale, economies of scope, legal patents, licences, product differentiation and high start-up costs. Economies of scale are considered as one major barrier, this occurs when a reduction in unit costs depends on the output size. In such case, a large firm is most efficient and new firms cannot afford to enter the market and gain market shares. The industry may not be able to accommodate more than one producer which is known as natural monopoly. This is the case with public utilities such as water, gas, electricity where these firms have economies of scale to prevent new firms from entering the market. Economies of scope is another barrier as firms who produce a range of products are likely to achieve lower average costs of production and undercut prices to drive new firms out of the market. Proctor Gamble enjoys economies of scope as it produces hundreds of products but could afford to hire expensive skilled workers and experts who can use their skills across the product line and therefore spread the costs and lower the average total cost for each product. (Alesina and Spolaore, 2005) Patents and licences are also considered main entry barriers. The US Patent and Trademark office issues patents for 20 years period, in accordance with the 1995 GATT agreement. (USPTO, 1995) These patents give an inventor the exclusive right to produce a product for a 20 years period such as the case of the pharmaceutical giant, Pfizer, which has a patent on Viagra until 2014. (Stevens, 2007) Likewise, licences are granted by governments which allow one or a few firms to operate in a specific market under government regulations and control. Product differentiation and brand loyalty where a firm produces a differentiated product and the consumer associates that product with the brand. An example of product differentiation would be the car industry, where different firms would produce substitutes but they are not considered as perfect substitutes as required in perfect competition, so each firm would have some form of monopoly power in its product category. This is clearly evident in the luxury sport cars market such as Ferrari, Porsche and Lotus. Other forms of entry barriers may include high start-up costs for new firms in comparison with an established monopoly firm which is likely to have gained enough experience and efficiency techniques to be able to reduce costs and hence prices for any potential new firms to be able to compete. Based on the characteristics of monopoly, it is important to evaluate its economic efficiency and therefore its effect on consumer surplus and social welfare in general. In the next section, we compare the economic efficiency of both extremes of the market structure. 3.0 Economic efficiency In economic terms, monopoly and perfect competition should be judged on the extent to which they contribute to improving the human wellbeing and social welfare, therefore, it is important to assess whether the market structure is efficient or inefficient. Nellis and Parker (2006) point out that the success or failure of firms is directly affected by the extent to which they are managed efficiently. The lower the cost per unit of output, without reducing the quality of the product, the higher the economic efficiency of a firm. This is evident in a competitive market where firms strive to be economically efficient in order to survive. However, this is not the case in a monopoly which is generally considered as an inefficient market structure. This can be clarified by the following analysis of various economic terms of efficiency. 3.1 Allocative efficiency Assuming an initial distribution of income and wealth, allocative efficiency occurs at the point when it is impossible to improve overall economic welfare by reallocating resources between markets. For the whole economy to be allocatively efficient, price must equal marginal cost in every market. However, it is unlikely that a monopoly seeking profit maximisation would be allocatively efficient. A monopoly tends to restrict output below the market equilibrium to force up the prices. PRC MC AC Welfare loss MR AR=Industry demand=MU Q2 Q1 Output Figure 1 Allocative inefficiency and welfare loss Figure 1 demonstrates how a monopoly is allocatively inefficient. While a perfectly competitive market would have an output Q1 where the price P is equal to both MC and MU based on demand curve so all units produced add more to welfare (MU) than the resources they cost to make (MC). A monopolist is in equilibrium with an output Q2 where MC=MR, which means some units that would have been benefited society are no longer produced and thus an overall welfare loss. 3.2 Productive efficiency This can only be achieved if a firm uses the available techniques and factors of production at the lowest possible cost per unit of output. Lipsey (1992) states that in the context of an industry, the interpretation of productive efficiency is that firms are operating so that costs are minimized. In monopoly, in contrast to perfect competition, there are no competitive forces that would make a firm hold costs down to a minimum. PRC MC AC C2 C1 MR AR Q2 Q1 Output Figure 2 Productive efficiency Figure 2 illustrates the productively efficient output Q1 which is the minimum point of the AC curve where unit cost is C1, where the least amount of scarce resources possible are being used per unit of output. However, a monopolist will produce the profit maximising output Q2 with higher costs C2 per unit which can be passed to the consumer, hence demonstrating productive inefficiency. X-efficiency The concept of x-efficiency requires that the lowest possible prices are paid for inputs or factors of production. However, there is less incentive for a monopoly to make full use of the available technology, mainly due to lack of competition. Monopolies are more likely to be technically and productively inefficient, incurring unnecessary production costs and wasted resources. A firm could be employing too many workers or investing in machines that are never used, deeming it technically inefficient. It could be paying its workers unnecessary high wages or buying capital or raw material at unnecessary high prices. This means that the monopolists LRAC is above that which would be technically possible, therefore resources are wasted. Costs LRAC monopoly LRAC possible = X-inefficiency Output Figure 3 X-efficiency gap The x-inefficiency gap, as shown in figure 3, is considered as unnecessary production costs that a firm can reduce. In a perfectly competitive market, a firm must eliminate any form of x-inefficiency in order to survive and make normal profits. However, this is not the case with monopoly, which are able to survive while incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. The evaluation of economic efficiency of a monopoly compared to perfect competition has highlighted a number of disadvantages to support economists case against monopolistic firms. 4.0 Disadvantages of Monopoly In general, a monopolistic market structure would produce less output and charge higher prices which leads to a decline in consumer surplus and a deadweight welfare loss. The higher prices would lead to allocative inefficiency and supernormal profits, leading to reduced benefits to consumers and unequal distribution of income. This also raises a question about equity. The higher prices would exploit low income consumers and their purchasing power might be transferred to shareholders in the form of dividends leading again to unequal distribution of income. A monopoly tends to be less motivated towards economic efficiency such as cutting costs or increasing productivity. There is also a possibility that a monopoly would experience diseconomies of scale as the higher it gets bigger, their average costs increase. Further more, the lack of competition could discourage a monopoly from investing in research and development, leading to lack of innovation and worse products. However, with all the evidence against monopoly, there are still the questions of why do monopolies still exist, why firms seek to be monopolies and why do governments seem to tolerate them? 5.0 Advantages of monopoly On economic terms, perfect competition is generally regarded as more desirable than monopoly. However, monopolies are not necessarily bad, considering they are as highly motivated and public-spirited as competitive industries. Economic theory assumes that everyone is motivated by self-interest; this applies to competitive markets as well as to monopolies. Firms in competitive markets would aspire to be a monopoly by eliminating competition but this is unlikely achieved due to market forces and the absence of barriers to entry and exit. The fact that monopolies make supernormal profits allows them to invest in research and development and allows them to fund high cost investment spending into new technology. This is likely to result, if successful, in improved products and lower costs on the long run. An innovative monopoly could therefore be considered dynamically efficient over a long term as it reaps the reward of investment in research and development. Microsoft did not start as a monopoly but the introduction of Windows version 3.0 in 1990 followed by various Microsoft Office applications provided the market power to become a monopoly. Its position as a monopoly was further cemented by the continuous investment in research and development. It is generally argued that monopoly in high technology sectors is good as it provides firms with a greater incentive to invest in research and development. Patents for new ideas are normally acceptable as it encourages firms to fund the initial research and development and it allows these firms to recoup their investment. Another advantage of monopoly is economies of scale. An increased output would lead to a decrease in average costs of production, which can be passed to consumers in the form of lower prices. Likewise, cutting prices would be an advantage for a monopoly as it would increase sales and maximise economies of scale. PRC S (Perf comp) =â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ C Ppc Pm LRMC (monopoly) D industry Qpc Qm MR (monopoly) Figure 4 Market equilibrium under monopoly Figure 4 shows the market equilibrium in perfect competition at output Qpc and supply = demand. A monopoly would generate economies of scale on the long run and drive down marginal costs to LRMC. A monopoly would therefore be able produce a profit maximising output Qm at a price Pm which is lower than perfect competition. Profits and consumer surplus are higher under monopoly and both consumer and producer would benefit. Kerr and Gaisford (2008) highlight the impact of international trade on domestic trade and the need for a domestic monopoly capable of generating the economies of scale required to compete in the international market. BT is a good example of domestic monopoly in the 1980s that had to invest in systems and technology to be able to compete in the international market. Also, the threat of international imports would force a domestic monopoly to set marginal revenue equal to marginal cost and reducing its prices, which is a boost to consumer surplus and social welfare. 6. 0 Conclusion Despite the fact that monopoly produces less output at higher prices and the negative implications on consumer surplus and social welfare, nevertheless, the existence of monopolies are inevitable as long as firms seek profit maximisation as well as increased market share and ultimately market dominance. In a free market economy, the chances of supernormal profits will eventually encourage other firms to attempt to break into a monopolistic market. The threat of competition or even a financial threat of a takeover will force a monopoly to become highly economic efficient. The American economist William Baumol argues in his theory of contestable markets that a monopoly may be forced over time to make the same production and pricing decisions as a competitive market would, merely due to the possibility of future competition. (Griffiths and Ison, 2001) From the above analysis, it is easy to conclude that perfect competition is productively more efficient than monopoly. However, if we take into account the substantial economies of scale that a monopoly would have, then it is more likely that a monopoly is more productively efficient than competition. In some cases, such as a natural monopoly, it is more acceptable to have just one firm as a monopoly provided that its price and productivity are regulated. Von Mises (1966) concludes that the mere existence of monopoly does not mean anything. The publisher of a copyright book is a monopolist, but he may not be able to sell a single copy, no matter how low the price he asks. Not every price at which a monopolist sells a monopolized commodity is a monop ­oly price. Monopoly prices are only prices at which it is more advantageous for the monopolist to restrict the total amount to be sold than to expand sales to the limit which a competitive market would allow. Although monopoly is not desirable as it restricts competition and causes a reduction in consumer surplus and social welfare, it is however inevitable in a real business market that a firm would often take advantage of its strong market position to control the supply of goods or services. Monopolies are not illegal but their abuse of market power to limit competition is illegal and therefore actions by governments to regulate the market would be required. Finally, all firms are concerned with determining the price level that would give them sufficient profit while maintaining the consumers attraction and demand. This should work in the benefit of consumers and the society if regulations are in place for governments to intervene when a firm abuses its monopoly power to the detriment of consumers.

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay -- School Reform, Education Re

Would you change your school? Would you go to a private school instead of a public school? Or to a public school instead of a private school? Private and public education is different in many ways such as their performance, enrollment, and the overall education taught but yet they have somewhat similar teachers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students’ performance in public and private schools differ a lot. Private schools often have better grades and test scores. It is proven that kids who go to a public school and attend a private school perform better (Williams 17). Student performance varies but the advantage would probably have to go to the private schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teachers in private and public schools are similar yet have some differences. There are about 2.7 million teachers and other faculty members in public schools (Klieg 22). There are about 400,000 teachers and other faculty members in private schools (Klieg 22). Of all these teachers only about 71% of private school teachers are licensed where 97.4% of public teachers are licensed (Williams 61). That makes the public teachers sound good, but there is also this little fact that they’re leaving out. Public school teachers aren’t even qualified to be teaching the subjects that they teach a lot of the time (Williams 46). Perhaps this is why the private school students are doing better than the public school students are. Or maybe it is because the average student to teacher ratio is better than public schools. This ratio is 17 students to 1 teacher in public schools where it is 14.9 students to 1 teacher in private schools (Williams 46). A good reason why private education is made out to be so much better than public schools is not necessarily because of the teachers, but the way private schools are able to hand pick each one of their students (Phillips Internet). Most likely they are going to pick the richest and smartest students they can. Why the richest and the smartest? Well if they pick the richest students it’s going to help the school financially. While the smarter students make the school and their teachers look good. So all in all teachers are all pretty equal besides maybe a few differences. How about teachers and their salaries? Teachers who are getting paid less are probably going to do a worse job right? WRONG! Private school teachers are usually paid about 12,000 dollars less than public school teachers ... ...ver child they want into their school. Who know, but it seems that public education can and needs to be improved maybe slightly more than private education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is money really the answer to everything? Some may think that their school does not have enough money and that’s why their students are doing so poorly. But more than likely money doesn’t play such a big part in the academic achievement of the students in school. For example: New Jersey is rated number 1 in terms of money per a student but yet they’re rated 29th in the basic student achievement (Williams 192). So before you blame your poor education on insufficient funds next time stop and think of these little facts. So what’s this saying? Maybe money is not the answer to everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So therefore private and public education is similar to an extent. However they do show many differences also. As shown they were different in their performance, enrollment, and the overall education taught. Private and public schools don’t have that much in common, but are their things that they do have in common but just didn’t get mentioned? Yes there are many more topics that are similar and different that we didn’t get into.

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education I knew at an early age that I wanted to be a teacher. As a child, my friends and cousins always played school and of course I always had to be the teacher! We had a cinderblock building that we called the "playhouse" and this is where my teaching career began. We would play for hours doing reading, spelling and writing. I always loved to grade the papers. And most of all I had strict behavior rules. Throughout life, even though my teaching career has been on hold, I have worked in various atmospheres with children from babysitting to different types of leadership roles. Mostly being a youth leader in our church has had a lot of various types of teaching skills. Keeping children's motivation level and interest is a difficult task. I have worked with all different ages from preschool through the sixth grade. I truly believe that sometimes a teacher is the most important role a child comes across. The impact that a teacher makes will last a life time. My elementary experiences were wonderful years that I feel have made me into the person I am today, especially my second grade teacher, Ms. Fezer. She was the greatest teacher of all times. She not only had love for her students but compassion to want them to learn and made sure they that they understood the material. She made learning fun and always had a wonderful smile. I hope to run a classroom in the manner that she did. Another great teacher that stands out is my dad. He is a retired sixth grade teacher. He was very strict, but all the children loved him. He made sure that they were ready for seventh grade. Along with teaching respect and manners and he never failed to help any child in need. These children, now grown up still make a point to speak to him when they see him out. Some even thank him for being so strict and making them work hard that they have told him it sure did pay off later on down the road. As a father, he's the greatest and always willing to help .

When Growth Stalls – 1 Page Review

Introduction It's offering advice for avoiding growth stalls, drawing from practices currently in use at large, high-growth companies to foresee possible stalls and head them off. Article gives four categories which regarded as main reason for growth stalls. A premium position backfires, innovation management breaks down, core business is abandoned prematurely and company lacks a strong talent bench. The key point is that all of the most common causes of growth stalls are not come from external force. It’s from management’s failure. Thus it’s knowable and preventable.To spot the sign of growth stalls, they suggest us to use diagnostic self-test they developed. It’s the asking, what company’s senior managers have seen in their markets, in their competitors, in their own internal practice that might be alert of impending stall. To prevent the growth stalls, they recommend us to make strategic assumptions explicit and carry forward it relevance and acc uracy. Thus, agility for reacting to changes of circumstance will be improved. Four practices are required to carry out that process. First, commission a core-belief identification squad which consisted with employees who are less stick to current orthodoxies.Second, conduct teams which develop visions of your company’s future five years hence. Third, appoint a shadow cabinet. Lastly, ask a venture capitalist to sit in on strategy reviews and probe for weakness. Authors’ insist that on the strategy agenda, guarding against growth stalls should be at the top. And firm should renew their competence in strategy in this point. Limitation and defect The authors’ thrust is reasonable theoretically. In intellectual approach, it’s appropriate and fresh idea. However, since theories are based on consequences, it entertains a doubt to rationalize theories in results.Consequently, it’s conflict against real-business situation. First of all, there are a lot of brands who are maintaining their market leadership although they undergoing four critical causes of growth stall. In real business area, there are bunch of brands which take their competitive advantage as product differentiation therefore don’t care their rivals although they’ve got cost leadership. Harley Davidson or John Galliano will be the typical cases. Both of brands even don’t care about customers’ preference. Rather than that, they make customer to be attracted by their brands by customer themselves.Particularly in the luxury good market, brands do not try to stick their concept as contemporary or trendy. They persists their own color. (From research by Custo Barcelona in 2010) Moreover, Asahi Breweries, who’ve got competitive advantage by abandoning core product prematurely and urgently replace it to new product, can be refuter of articles theory too. (Information from Harvard Business School in 1994) Secondly, there are too many restrict ions to absorb their tools in real business. Appling self-test to foresee a stall is not that easy as they insist because it’s unclear to define the fundamental reason of the phenomenon.It can be caused by the economic recession of whole industry, fed in the customer’s preference, where product lifecycle is, or maybe it can be signal of stall. We can’t confirm fundamentally where the drawback is started. Besides utilize four practices which assist to make strategic assumption is more complicated. We can certain that cost of adopting these practices will be high, but can’t confidence how effective it will be work. Efficiency of those practices will be different from each company’s organization, corporate culture and so on. Therefore sometimes it can be aggravate of the risk.In addition, inviting a venture capitalist can be more risky than their effectiveness. Finding faithful and influent VC who is assured to not leak the restricted information abou t corporation will be huge task to solve. Anyway, to reform this thrust, I’d suggest not pass over externalities. They’ve too many weighted in management problem. More fundamental causes will be arises in external environment, such as, threat of substitutes or technological changes. Then, mention about difference between industry and concrete supplementation for their tools which demonstrate its actual effect in really business will be required.